Janis Palma has been a federally-certified judiciary interpreter since 1981. She is also certified by NAJIT (the National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators) as an English-Spanish interpreter and translator, and by the State of Texas as a Master Licensed Court Interpreter. She holds a Ph.D. in Language Studies, a Master’s in Legal Studies, and a Master’s in Puerto Rican and Caribbean History and Literature. She has been teaching judiciary interpreting through professional associations, private organizations, higher education institutions, and government agencies since 1986. As a translator, she was commissioned by then-Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court in Puerto Rico, the Hon. Héctor Laffitte, to translate Guillermo Baralt’s History of the Federal Court in Puerto Rico. Her most recent published work includes “Literary metaphors in legal English and their conveyance to Limited English Proficient (LEP) individuals in the context of U.S. courts.” (Oct. 2024) International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. https://rdcu.be/dW7Tw; “When interpreting does not remove the language barrier: interpreter ethics at odds with due process rights in U.S. courts.” Texas Hispanic Journal of Law & Policy, U. of Texas at Austin Law School, Vol. 29, Spring 2023. (pp. 25-45). https://www.academia.edu/108259566; The Legal Duty of Care: What is it and how does it impact the role of the judiciary interpreter? The ATA Chronicle. Vol 52, No. 5. Nov/Dec. 2023. (pp. 14-19) Available at https://www.academia.edu/125316686.